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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diederwinkel</span></h1>
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<p>Der <b><a href="Dieder" title="Dieder">Dieder</a>-</b> oder <b>Torsionswinkel</b> beschreibt in der <a href="Geometrie" title="Geometrie">Geometrie</a> den Winkel zwischen zwei durch jeweils drei ebene Punkte aufgespannten Flächen. Dies gilt insbesondere innerhalb der chiralen Struktur einer <a href="Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung">chemischen Verbindung</a> für den Winkel zwischen zwei von Atomen aufgespannten ebenen Flächen. Dabei wird der Diederwinkel α an der Schnittlinie durch ein Paar von zwei Atomen auf dieser Schnittlinie und die Positionen von zwei weiteren Atomen zueinander definiert. Dies entspricht im Beispiel der <a href="Organische_Chemie" title="Organische Chemie">organischen</a> Verbindung <a href="Ethan" title="Ethan">Ethan</a> dem Winkel, den die beiden an der Linie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle CC}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle CC}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28a30bafd11d08b418d670d3cd37a49afaaf090b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.533ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle CC}" loading="lazy"></span> schneidenden und durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RCC}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RCC}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e2466c793e7f467f4aa39064a9a02ebfa75246a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.297ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RCC}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle CCR^{\prime }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle CCR^{\prime }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09ee89d4e29ed473ed5c88d7a15ffdc778fb4275.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.981ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle CCR^{\prime }}" loading="lazy"></span> aufgespannten Ebenen zueinander einnehmen, wie in nachstehender Abbildung dargestellt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die beiden verbundenen Kohlenstoffatome, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{\prime }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/082e50c3de892d2bfedc6d2a856b6ae062fd9dee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei der gebundenen Wasserstoffatome):
</p>

<p>Sind die beiden <a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">Kohlenstoffatome</a> durch eine <a href="Einfachbindung" class="mw-redirect" title="Einfachbindung">Einfachbindung</a> (σ-Bindung) verbunden und nicht in einem cyclischen <a href="Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül">Molekül</a> arretiert, kann der Diederwinkel kontinuierlich alle Werte von 0° bis 180° annehmen. Aufgrund von abstoßenden Wechselwirkungen der Substituenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{\prime }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/082e50c3de892d2bfedc6d2a856b6ae062fd9dee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{\prime }}" loading="lazy"></span> ist in der Regel ein Winkel von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/233080869fc794077961364c9afa9b0546ee1d63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.128ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> (<i>trans</i>, s. u.) am günstigsten.
</p><p>Die Tatsache, dass viele <a href="Zucker" title="Zucker">Zucker</a> unerwarteterweise eine Konformation einnehmen, in der einige Substituenten einen Diederwinkel von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =120^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>120</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =120^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13aa7f48a8e976281f598be78eb596e88c863ecb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.128ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =120^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> bevorzugen, wird dem <a href="Anomerer_Effekt" title="Anomerer Effekt">anomeren Effekt</a> zugeschrieben.
</p><p>Die mit der Drehung um die Bindung variierende <a href="Enthalpie" title="Enthalpie">Enthalpie</a> des Moleküls kann durch eine spezielle Funktion angenähert berechnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=A\cdot \left(1+\cos(\alpha )\right)+B\cdot \left(1-\cos(2\cdot \alpha )\right)+C\cdot \left(1+\cos(3\cdot \alpha )\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=A\cdot \left(1+\cos(\alpha )\right)+B\cdot \left(1-\cos(2\cdot \alpha )\right)+C\cdot \left(1+\cos(3\cdot \alpha )\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d5fd3507b73729b7c98d2f1eb2ceaf90193388e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:63.209ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=A\cdot \left(1+\cos(\alpha )\right)+B\cdot \left(1-\cos(2\cdot \alpha )\right)+C\cdot \left(1+\cos(3\cdot \alpha )\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit Torsionsenergie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>, den Skalierungsfaktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> und Diederwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die sich aus dieser Funktion ergebende Potentialkurve (angenähert mit Werten für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A,B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A,B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96c3298ea9aa77c226be56a7d8515baaa517b90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.541ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A,B}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> wie bei n-Butan) sei zur Illustration unten abgebildet.
</p>

<p>Im Falle des Ethans werden A und B Null, wodurch die Gleichung in das Pitzer-Potential übergeht. Die Rotationsbarrieren liegen in der Regel bei wenigen kJ/mol. Dies bedeutet, dass immer ein kleiner Teil (weniger als 20&nbsp;%) der Moleküle einen Diederwinkel von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ecf24b900c7f4cd88b7d8eab67ca3f039f12a70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.803ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> aufweisen. Dabei muss noch berücksichtigt werden, dass die gauche-Formen einen Entropie-Vorteil von 1,7 kJ/mol haben, da sie in zwei Rotationsisomeren (+/− synklinal) auftreten. Die für bestimmte Werte des Diederwinkels entstehenden <a href="Konformation" title="Konformation">Konformere</a> haben eigene Bezeichnungen:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:2em; text-align:center;">

<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe8">
<th width="20%">Winkel
</th>
<th width="25%">Form
</th>
<th width="25%">Explizite Beschreibung
</th>
<th width="25%">Kurzbezeichnung
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 0°
</td>
<td>ekliptisch, verdeckt
</td>
<td>syn-periplanar
</td>
<td><i>cis</i>/<i>syn</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 60°
</td>
<td>gestaffelt
</td>
<td>(+)-synklinal
</td>
<td><i>gauche</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 120°
</td>
<td>ekliptisch, verdeckt
</td>
<td>(+)-antiklinal
</td>
<td>–
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 180°
</td>
<td>gestaffelt
</td>
<td>antiperiplanar
</td>
<td><i>trans</i>/<i>anti</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 240°
</td>
<td>ekliptisch, verdeckt
</td>
<td>(−)-antiklinal
</td>
<td>–
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 300°
</td>
<td>gestaffelt
</td>
<td>(−)-synklinal
</td>
<td><i>gauche</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>α = 360°
</td>
<td>ekliptisch, verdeckt
</td>
<td>syn-periplanar
</td>
<td><i>cis</i>/<i>syn</i>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Die Formen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =60^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>60</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =60^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8bb80edab58940ec048c39247408f7c58a06642.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.965ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =60^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> respektive <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 300^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>300</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 300^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/724f444643e5ac2f09445f7fda165d0dd03efd93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.542ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 300^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> sind <a href="Enantiomere" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantiomere">Enantiomere</a>. Ist die Rotationsbarriere zu hoch, sind die beiden sich ergebenden Formen nicht in der Lage, durch Rotation ineinander überzugehen. Sie können dann unter Umständen einzeln isoliert werden. Dies wird im Fall von speziellen <a href="BINAP" title="BINAP">Binaphthylderivaten</a> genutzt, um außerordentlich selektive Reagenzien zu gewinnen.
</p><p>Falls zwischen den Kohlenstoffatomen eine <a href="Doppelbindung" title="Doppelbindung">Doppelbindung</a> existiert, ist die Rotation stark eingeschränkt, da hierfür ein Bindungsbruch erfolgen müsste. Es sind nur zwei Winkel möglich: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =180^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =180^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/233080869fc794077961364c9afa9b0546ee1d63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.128ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =180^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> (<i>trans</i>/<i>anti</i>) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ecf24b900c7f4cd88b7d8eab67ca3f039f12a70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.803ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> (<i>cis</i>). Sind die Substituenten sehr voluminös, kann es in letzterem Fall aber zu Abweichungen von dem 0°-Winkel kommen.
</p><p>Zur Bestimmung der Diederwinkel realer Verbindungen stehen verschiedene Methoden zur Verfügung. Dazu gehören die Messung des <a href="Elektrisches_Dipolmoment" title="Elektrisches Dipolmoment">Dipolmomentes</a>, die Aufnahme von <a href="Elektronenbeugung" title="Elektronenbeugung">Elektronenbeugungsspektren</a>, die Messung von <a href="Spin-Spin-Kopplung" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-Spin-Kopplung">Kopplungskonstanten</a> mittels <a href="NMR-Spektroskopie" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR-Spektroskopie">NMR</a> oder die Berechnung der optimalen Molekülgeometrie mittels spezieller Computerprogramme.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diederwinkel_von_Polyedern">Diederwinkel von Polyedern</h2></div>
<p>Der Diederwinkel zwischen den <a href="Seitenfl%C3%A4che" class="mw-redirect" title="Seitenfläche">Seitenflächen</a> von <a href="Polyeder" title="Polyeder">Polyedern</a> kann mithilfe der <a href="Arkusfunktion" title="Arkusfunktion">Arkusfunktionen</a> berechnet werden, indem die Seitenlängen von passenden <a href="Rechtwinkliges_Dreieck" title="Rechtwinkliges Dreieck">rechtwinkligen Dreiecken</a> betrachtet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reguläres_Oktaeder"><span id="Regul.C3.A4res_Oktaeder"></span>Reguläres Oktaeder</h3></div>
<p>Der Diederwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen zwei Seitenflächen eines regulären <a href="Oktaeder" title="Oktaeder">Oktaeders</a> ist zweimal so groß wie der Winkel im <a href="Rechtwinkliges_Dreieck" title="Rechtwinkliges Dreieck">rechtwinkligen Dreieck</a> mit den Kathetenlängen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{u}={\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{u}={\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae60a2a34fc64c99feeb705e6fe49d5c3a23b55d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:9.254ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{u}={\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d35c566e3fd9f60034351384f59e544152596cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:2.066ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (siehe Abbildung). Es gilt also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}{\frac {a}{2}}}\right)=2\cdot \arctan \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)\approx 109{,}47^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>109</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>47</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}{\frac {a}{2}}}\right)=2\cdot \arctan \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)\approx 109{,}47^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54eb9c451b76c6dcb10d6dedf09251590caedd19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:49.914ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}{\frac {a}{2}}}\right)=2\cdot \arctan \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)\approx 109{,}47^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="tleft" style="clear:none;"></div><div class="tleft" style="clear:none;"></div><div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reguläres_Ikosaeder"><span id="Regul.C3.A4res_Ikosaeder"></span>Reguläres Ikosaeder</h3></div>
<p>Der Diederwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen zwei Seitenflächen eines regulären <a href="Ikosaeder" title="Ikosaeder">Ikosaeders</a> ist zweimal so groß wie der Winkel im <a href="Rechtwinkliges_Dreieck" title="Rechtwinkliges Dreieck">rechtwinkligen Dreieck</a> mit den Kathetenlängen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b27bffd01084b34d817ba85bea59b9e9db6fd63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:1.999ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}-{\frac {a}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}-{\frac {a}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89d81f9aee3cdc773b8fe3623824fbca61b2ec19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.905ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}-{\frac {a}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\cdot a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\cdot a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd61ad74fea1b5e7198b2968f21e41e341b6819d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.952ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\cdot a}" loading="lazy"></span> ist (siehe Abbildung). Daraus folgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{4}}\cdot a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{4}}\cdot a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71fc06a1ca82b600a86ca3cc47a1da1e56e291bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.943ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{4}}\cdot a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}-{\frac {a}{2}}={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}\cdot a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}-{\frac {a}{2}}={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}\cdot a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e889ac60b82c0cd7e97020ef3c6e7c2b6a4811fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.85ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {c}{2}}-{\frac {a}{2}}={\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}\cdot a}" loading="lazy"></span>. Es gilt also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {{\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{4}}\cdot a}{{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}\cdot a}}\right)=2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {3+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)\approx 138{,}19^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>138</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>19</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {{\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{4}}\cdot a}{{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}\cdot a}}\right)=2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {3+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)\approx 138{,}19^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d7532d7287f2e9e79d90089ceba30d19710564f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:61.054ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {{\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{4}}\cdot a}{{\frac {{\sqrt {5}}-1}{4}}\cdot a}}\right)=2\cdot \arctan \left({\frac {3+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)\approx 138{,}19^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="tleft" style="clear:none;"></div><div class="tleft" style="clear:none;"></div><div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerade_regelmäßige_Pyramide"><span id="Gerade_regelm.C3.A4.C3.9Fige_Pyramide"></span>Gerade regelmäßige Pyramide</h3></div>
<p>Der Diederwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eeeccd8b585b819e38f9c1fe5e9816a3ea01804c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen dem <a href="Regelm%C3%A4%C3%9Figes_Polygon" title="Regelmäßiges Polygon">regelmäßigen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-Eck (<a href="Grundfl%C3%A4che_(Geometrie)" title="Grundfläche (Geometrie)">Grundfläche</a>) und einem <a href="Gleichschenkliges_Dreieck" title="Gleichschenkliges Dreieck">gleichschenkligen Dreieck</a> einer <a href="Pyramide_(Geometrie)#Formeln_für_gerade_regelmäßige_Pyramiden" title="Pyramide (Geometrie)">geraden regelmäßige Pyramide</a> (siehe Abbildung) kann berechnet werden, in dem das <a href="Rechtwinkliges_Dreieck" title="Rechtwinkliges Dreieck">rechtwinklige Dreieck</a> mit den Kathetenlängen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e5dbbf27f9fb1e36a5943a9531f539c3272b09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:10.989ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet wird. Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> die Seitenlänge der Grundfläche, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e5dbbf27f9fb1e36a5943a9531f539c3272b09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:10.989ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Inkreis" title="Inkreis">Inkreisradius</a> der Grundfläche und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="H%C3%B6he_(Geometrie)" title="Höhe (Geometrie)">Höhe</a> der Pyramide.
</p><p>Aus der Definition des <a href="Arkustangens_und_Arkuskotangens" title="Arkustangens und Arkuskotangens">Arkustangens</a> ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\arctan \left({\frac {h}{\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}\right)=\arctan \left({\frac {2\cdot h\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}{a}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mfrac>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\arctan \left({\frac {h}{\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}\right)=\arctan \left({\frac {2\cdot h\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}{a}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3216d0b9e8bbc266dace4e4b344e2bd2ee0d443a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:51.725ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{1}=\arctan \left({\frac {h}{\frac {a}{2\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}}}\right)=\arctan \left({\frac {2\cdot h\cdot \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)}{a}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="tleft" style="clear:none;"></div><div class="tleft" style="clear:none;"></div><div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torsionswinkel_in_Proteinen">Torsionswinkel in Proteinen</h2></div>

<p>Die Torsionswinkel des <a href="Backbone_(Biochemie)" title="Backbone (Biochemie)">Backbones</a> von <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteinen</a> werden
</p>
<ul><li>ω (zwischen C<sup>α</sup> − C' − N − C<sup>α</sup>),</li>
<li>φ (zwischen C' − N − C<sup>α</sup> − C')</li>
<li>ψ (zwischen N − C<sup>α</sup> − C' − N)</li></ul>
<p>genannt. Dadurch kontrolliert der φ-Winkel den Abstand zweier <a href="Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">Carbonyl</a>-<a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">Kohlenstoffatome</a>, ψ den Abstand zweier <a href="Carbons%C3%A4ureamide" title="Carbonsäureamide">Amid</a>-Stickstoffe und ω den Abstand zweier α-Kohlenstoffe.
</p><p>Die <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Planarität</a> der <a href="Peptidbindung" title="Peptidbindung">Peptidbindung</a> zwingt den ω-Winkel normalerweise auf 180° (die häufige <a href="Cis-trans-Isomerie" title="Cis-trans-Isomerie"><i>trans</i>-Konfiguration</a>) oder 0° (die seltene <i>cis</i>-Konfiguration). Der Abstand zwischen den α-Kohlenstoffatomen beträgt in der <i>trans</i>- und <i>cis</i>-Konfiguration etwa 3,8 bzw. 2,8 <a href="%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_(Einheit)" title="Ångström (Einheit)">Å</a>. Die <i>cis</i>-Konfiguration ist hauptsächlich in der X-<a href="Prolin" title="Prolin">Pro</a>-Peptidbindung zu beobachten (X ist eine beliebige Aminosäure), daher gilt Prolin neben dem <a href="Achiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiral">achiralen</a> <a href="Glycin" title="Glycin">Glycin</a> als Strukturbrecher. Die Diederwinkel φ und ψ eines Proteins werden im <a href="Ramachandran-Plot" title="Ramachandran-Plot">Ramachandran-Plot</a> dargestellt und sollten zu über 80&nbsp;% in den Kernbereichen und höchstens vereinzelt in den verbotenen Bereichen der Karte liegen. Bei den besonders günstigen α-Helices z. B. liegt der φ-Winkel etwa bei −60°, der ψ-Winkel etwa bei −30°, wobei beide Winkel eine Toleranz von etwa ±30° zulassen.
</p><p>Die Torsionswinkel der <a href="Seitenkette" title="Seitenkette">Seitenketten</a> werden mit χ<sub>1</sub> bis χ<sub>5</sub> bezeichnet, abhängig vom Abstand zum Backbone. χ<sub>1</sub> ist der Torsionswinkel zwischen den Atomen N − C<sup>α</sup> − C<sup>β</sup> − C<sup>γ</sup>, χ<sub>2</sub> zwischen C<sup>α</sup> − C<sup>β</sup> − C<sup>γ</sup> − C<sup>δ</sup> etc.
</p><p>Die Seitenkettentorsionswinkel scheinen sich um die 180°, 60° und −60° zu häufen. Diese Konformationen werden als <i>anti</i> (oder <i>trans</i>), (+)-gauche und (−)-gauche (oder (+)- bzw. (−)-synklinal) bezeichnet. Welcher Torsionswinkel in einer Seitenkette vorliegt, wird durch Dieder benachbarter Seitenketten und des Backbones bestimmt; so folgt der (+)-gauche-Konformation selten eine weitere (+)-gauche-Konformation (genauso bei (−)-gauche), weil dies die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Atomkollision erhöht. Die Diederwinkel der <a href="Aminos%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminosäure">Aminosäureseitenketten</a> (χ<sup>1</sup> und χ<sup>2</sup>) können in einem <a href="Janin-Plot" title="Janin-Plot">Janin-Plot</a> abgebildet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Raumwinkel" title="Raumwinkel">Raumwinkel</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 102.&nbsp;Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4375383-8">4375383-8</a></span> </div>
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